
ISLAMIC STATE has made the beheading of victims a key
element in its campaign of terror and conquest. Most conspicuous in
recent weeks have been the murders of Westerners James Foley, Steven
Sotloff, and David Haines, whose severed heads and decapitated bodies
have been shown in threatening videos produced by the jihadists. In the
years since 9/11, other Islamist terrorist groups have circulated
equally ghastly beheading videos. Among the earlier victims were
journalist Daniel Pearl, businessman Nicholas Berg, and construction
contractors Jack Hensley and Eugene Armstrong — all Americans beheaded
by Al Qaeda.
Last week, meanwhile, Australian police arrested 15 suspects allegedly linked to Islamic State; they are accused of
plotting to publicly behead a victim abducted at random.
Why this obsession with
cutting off people's heads?
Clearly
the terrorists relish the horror beheading evokes in America and other
Western democracies, as well as the fear it inspires among Kurds,
Shiites, or other local forces standing in the path of their juggernaut.
Psychological warfare is an essential element in Islamic State's
military strategy,
writes Shashank Joshi,
a senior research fellow at the Royal United Services Institute in
London. Even when heavily outnumbered, Islamic State has been able to
leverage its reputation for implacable brutality "to dissuade Iraqi
forces from ever seeking battle." And by killing American and British
hostages with such sadistic relish, it aims to intensify the desire of
many in the West to wash their hands of involvement in Iraq once and for
all.
But there are other ways to terrorize, other gruesome means
of mass murder — suicide bombings, poison gas, hijackings. Why the
emphasis on beheading?
No doubt part of the explanation is that
beheadings tend to draw more attention than suicide bombings and
exploding cars. Deadly though they are, car bombs and shootings have
lost much of their shock value in Western eyes. It takes an unusually
high death toll for a bombing in Iraq to attract as much media attention
as the decapitation of a single hostage by an English-speaking Islamist
wielding a knife. Terrorists crave attention, more now in the digital
age, perhaps, than ever before.
Islamic State and other jihadist groups
have many ways to commit mass murder. But for generating a spectacle
that will be noticed — and shuddered at — the world over, sawing off the
head of an American journalist or a European relief worker, then
uploading the video to the Internet, is hard to beat.
Yet
beheadings, too, can lose their shock value. It wasn't all that long ago
that decapitation was a familiar punishment in Western culture. As late
as 1977, the
guillotine was still being used for executions in France. In the colonial era, severed heads of criminals were sometimes
displayed on Boston Common.
Plus, modern video games and ultrarealistic computer graphics make it
easier than ever to grow inured to almost any image or scene, no matter
how grisly or intense or intimate.
But the beheadings aren't just a fashion.